• Sequence: MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR

• Molecular Formula: C₇₇H₁₁₇N₂₁O₂₄

• Molecular Weight: ~2180.5 g/mol

• Origin: Encoded by mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene

• Class: Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide (MDP)

• Name: MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c)

• Type: Endogenous mitochondrial peptide

• Function: Regulates glucose metabolism, AMPK activation, mitochondrial health, and stress resistance

• Use: Investigated for fat loss, energy production, insulin regulation, and anti-aging therapies

• Activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) → Increases fat oxidation and glucose uptake

• Inhibition of the folate-methionine cycle → Enhances stress resistance

• Improvement of mitochondrial function → Supports ATP generation and bioenergetic balance

• Enhances metabolic flexibility by encouraging cells to burn fat during low-energy states

• Enhances fat oxidation and mitochondrial utilization

• Reduces visceral and subcutaneous fat

• May improve glucose metabolism and fasting insulin levels

• Increases endurance and VO₂ max

• Helps preserve muscle mass during caloric restriction

• Enhances cellular energy (ATP) availability

• Supports DNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis

• Reduces oxidative damage from metabolic stress

• May extend healthspan by protecting cells under duress

• Injectable (Subcutaneous or Intramuscular) – most common and bioavailable

• Liposomal oral or nasal versions are under research, not yet standard

• Obesity Models: MOTS-c reduced fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity in mice

• Exercise Performance: Increased VO₂ max and endurance capacity in rodent models

• Aging & Longevity: Improved lifespan and metabolic resilience in age-accelerated mice

• Glucose Metabolism: Enhanced glucose tolerance and AMPK activation in liver and muscle tissues

• Human Trials: Early pilot studies suggest enhanced insulin sensitivity and energy without adverse effects

MOTS-c is considered one of the most promising bioenergetic peptides for future longevity therapies.

• Generally well-tolerated in all trials

• Mild fatigue or dizziness at higher doses

• Rare: injection site irritation

• No long-term human toxicity data available

• Regular monitoring of glucose, AMPK markers, and energy levels is recommended in clinical settings

• FDA Status: Not approved; under research only

• Availability: Sold by peptide suppliers for research purposes

• WADA Status: Not currently listed, but may be performance-enhancing